Plant pathology is a very important area of plant sciences because of its key role in sustainability of crop production and productivity. The book Fundamentals of Plant Pathology has been written to meet the needs of students for plant pathology courses at various levels of graduate and postgraduate studies. For understanding plant pathology, it is essential to know the basic aspects like pathogens, disease development, plant defence mechanisms against pathogens and disease management. This book covers all the basic aspects of plant pathology viz., importance of plant diseases; scope and objectives of plant pathology; history of plant pathology; terms and concepts in plant pathology; pathogenesis; disease development; plant pathogens: Fungi, bacteria, fastidious vascular bacteria, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, virus, viroid, algae, protozoa, phanerogamic parasites and nematodes; classification of diseases and pathogens; symptomatology of biotic and abiotic stresses, growth and reproduction of plant pathogens; liberation, dispersal and survival of plant pathogens; types of parasitism and variability in plant pathogens, pathogenesis, role of enzymes, toxins and growth regulators in disease development; defence mechanism in plants; epidemiology and disease forecasting; principles and methods of plant disease management; nature, chemical combination, classification, mode of action and formulations of fungicides and antibiotics against pathogens. This book is very useful for students, teachers and researchers.

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... The insufficient supply of this micronutrient (Fe) markedly affects plant growth and nodules functioning (Rotaru, 2011). Fe is essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll and is an essential part of the cytochromes that act as electron carriers in photosynthesis and respiration and it is a major part of ferredoxin and possible nitrate reductase (Ravichandra, 2013). ...

... It is known that Mg is the central atom of chlorophyll that played a major role in dry matter accumulation through photosynthetic process of soybean plant (Table3). These data are in parallel with those observed by Ravichandra (2013) who showed that Mg constitutes the central atom of chlorophyll and it is essential for photosynthesis. ...

A two – year study was carried out at Sids Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, ARC, Beni – Sweif governorate, Egypt, during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to study the residual effects of the preceded berseem, sugar beet and wheat crops on yield and its attributes of intercropped soybean with three maize cultivars. The treatments consisted of three local maize cultivars (S.C.122, T.W.C.310 and Giza2) that grown with one local soybean cultivar Giza22 in alternating ridges 2:2 and three preceded winter crops (berseem, sugar beet and wheat). A split plot design with three replications was used. The results showed that the preceded berseem (the Egyptian clover) crop residues which had positive allelopathic effects on soil properties contributed mainly in productivity of intercropped soybean with maize. On the other hand, Giza 2 cultivar had a lower negative effect on intercropped soybean productivity than S.C. 122 or T.W.C. 310 cultivar. The interaction between the preceded winter crops and maize cultivars was significant for all the studied soybean traits except branches dry weight, numbers of branches and seeds/plant. Intercropping soybean with T.W.C. 310 cultivar that followed berseem produced 1.78 ton/ha of soybean seeds in addition to 5.60 ton/ha of maize grains. Yield advantage was achieved because of land equivalent ratio was exceeded 1.00. Dominance analysis proved that soybean is dominated component. The highest monetary advantage index was obtained by intercropping soybean with maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 that followed berseem

... The insufficient supply of this micronutrient (Fe) markedly affects plant growth and nodules functioning (Rotaru, 2011). Fe is essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll and is an essential part of the cytochromes that act as electron carriers in photosynthesis and respiration and it is a major part of ferredoxin and possible nitrate reductase (Ravichandra, 2013). ...

... It is known that Mg is the central atom of chlorophyll that played a major role in dry matter accumulation through photosynthetic process of soybean plant (Table3). These data are in parallel with those observed by Ravichandra (2013) who showed that Mg constitutes the central atom of chlorophyll and it is essential for photosynthesis. ...

... Traditionally, plant biotic stress has been identified and quantified using a limited number of techniques that all rely heavily on visual assessment. These approaches are time-consuming and susceptible to human error, even for trained plant pathologists (Koch, 1876;Ravichandra, 2013). Recent phenotyping methods aim to increase the sensitivity, reliability, and specificity of stress detection and classification. ...

High‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) has emerged as one of the most exciting and rapidly evolving spaces within plant science. The successful application of phenotyping technologies will facilitate increases in agricultural productivity. High‐throughput phenotyping research is interdisciplinary and may involve biologists, engineers, mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists. Here we describe the need for additional interest in HTP and offer a primer for those looking to engage with the HTP community. This is a high‐level overview of HTP technologies and analysis methodologies, which highlights recent progress in applying HTP to foundational research, identification of biotic and abiotic stress, breeding and crop improvement, and commercial and production processes. We also point to the opportunities and challenges associated with incorporating HTP across food production to sustainably meet the current and future global food supply requirements.

... Toxins are different from enzymes in the fact that they do not attack the structural integrity of the tissues but affect the metabolism in a subtle manner (Kumar and Hayward, 2005). In recent classification, toxins are divided into two categories (Ravichandra, 2013). Slow accumulation of similar chemicals has been reported in susceptible host plant tissues (Pusztahelyi et al., 2015). ...

... The aim of our study was to perform a comprehensive survey on the identification and distribution of nematodes across the rice fields of the province. Since most soil-inhabiting nematode taxa can be beneficial and may have roles in the decomposition of organic matter they could be regarded as important soil quality indicators (Yeates and Coleman 1982; Ingham et al. 1985; Spedding et al. 2004; Ravichandra 2013). Therefore the free living forms of the collected species of nematodes were also identified. ...

The distribution of nematodes was studied in rice fields in Guilan province, Iran, from 2014 to 2016. Nematode biodiversity of 250 soil and root samples was examined. Thirty nematode species were identified morphologically, including plant parasites, microbivores and mycetophagous and predator species. Molecular techniques were also used for further identification of three plant parasitic species. Indicators of population were also estimated. Spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus crenacauda Sher, 1966 and H. digitiformis Ivanova, 1967) and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus agri) were the predominant parasitic species identified. Among other species, three mononchid species were identified namely Mononchus aquaticus, Mylonchulus sigmaturus and M. polonicus. The species M. polonicus was found and reported in Iran for the first time. The two plant parasitic species T. agri and Xiphinema index were reported in association with rice in Iran for the first time. To evaluate the distribution and incidence of Aphelenchoides besseyi (rice white-tip nematode) in different regions of Guilan province, a total of 255 fresh seed samples were collected/inspected, of which, about 40% of them were infested with A. besseyi. Of the 16 studied counties, the highest percentage of infected seeds came from fields around the city of Astara (69.2%) and the second highest infection was observed near the city of Anzali (60%).

  • Nagadesi Praveen Kumar Nagadesi Praveen Kumar

Wood rotting fungi that cause diseases in wood of forest are called Lignicolous fungi. In present study, fungal bodies were collected from living or partially dead forest trees, fallen wooden logs and leaf litter of Kondapalli hill Central Eastern Ghats of South India. Detailed description of the collected samples revealed the occurrence of lignicolous fungi like Amauroderma rugosum (Nees) Bose, Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.: Fr.) Pers. A. cornea (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Ehrenb ex Endl., Dacrymyces chrysospermus Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) G. lipsiense (Batsch) G. F. Atk. G. resinaceum Boud. Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.), Daedalea sulcata (Berk.) Ryvarden D. flavida Lév., Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr. Physisporinus lineatus (Pers.) F. Wu, Jia J. Chen & Y.C. Dai,. Schizophyllum commune Fr., S. radiatum Fr. All wood rot fungi were new reports to kondapalli hill Central Eastern Ghats of South India. The Dacrymyces chrysospermus Berk. & M.A. Curtis, and Physisporinus lineatus (Pers.) F. Wu, Jia J. Chen & Y.C. Dai, were reported for first time from India.

The discovery that bacteria use signalling molecules, which are released into the environment, to communicate with each other changed our general perception of organisms inhabiting the world. Nowadays, the term quorum sensing is used to describe the phenomenon whereby a coordinated population response is controlled by exchanging specific diffusible chemical signals called autoinducers, enabling a cluster of bacteria to regulate their gene expression and behaviour collectively and synchronously. Bacteria assess their own population and coordinate their actions through the synthesis, accumulation and subsequent sensing of autoinducers. In this work, a bacterial quorum communication system is introduced, which contains two clusters of bacteria, specifically Vibrio fischeri, a gram-negative marine bacterium, as the transmitter node and receiver node, and the diffusive channel. The transmitted information is encoded into the concentration of autoinducers, with binary representation, and then, it is divided into frames for transmission. Automatic Repeat reQuest protocols are applied to achieve better reliability. In addition, this paper addresses the question of optimal frame size for data communication in this channel capacity and energy constrained bacterial quorum communication system. The optimal fixed frame length is determined for a set of channel parameters by maximising the throughput and energy efficiency matrix.

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